Acid base titration Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Acid base titration - Lab Report Example This is because in acidic, basic conditions phenolphthalein indicator usually indicates colorless and pink/purple colors respectively. Background theory Acid – base titration is one of the most essential Titrimetric analysis techniques commonly used in wet analysis to determine quantities or concentrations of the reacting reagents (Patnaik, 2010, p. 57). This is a neutralization reaction whereby its endpoint or neutrality point is marked by the change of phenolphthalein’s color from pink/purple to colorless. Colorless color in this experiment is an indication the reaction has reached its endpoint or undergone a complete neutralization route, hence basic condition is exhausted and instead acidity is increasing. Endpoint refers to a point where an indicator changes its color and assumes another thereby implying an acid has completely neutralized the available basic solution (Parsons, Forsythe, Edge & Bewick 793). At exact endpoint, the solution’s nature is neutral bearing a pH value of 7 similar to that of pure water. The addition of more acid solution reduces the solution’s pH from 7 towards 1, hence increasing its acidity nature compared to when it was a basic and a having a pH value more than 7. However, the color continues to remain the same but extent of acidity increases with addition of extra acid solution to the titrant, which in this experiment is a Standard 0.10 mol. /dm3 Sodium Hydroxide. Suppose there is a need to plot titration curves, then potentiometer is more accurate than either weak organic acid indicator or a weak organic base indicator (Patnaik, 2010). Since, it gives exact values compared to the latter two, which only relays the change of solution’s color (Patnaik, 2010.p. 61). An indicator is a weak organic acid or weak organic base having a formula of HY or HOY correspondingly, where Y represents a complex organic ion (Patnaik, 2010). During reaction, HOY or HY indicator usually dissociates as shown in the reversible equation below (Patnaik, 2010, p. 61). HY + H2O H3O+ + Y- Color -1 Color – 2. Reversibility in the above equation depends on the amount of either acid or basic solution added during neutralization process, which implies more base or acid shifts the process to the right (Patnaik, 2010). Hence, change of color from 1 to 2. The general equation involved in the neutralization process is, Acid + Base/Alkali Salt + water (Neutralization reaction equation) Essential components or agents for the above neutralization process to reach its completion state include hydronium ions, H3O+ (aq) from the acid and hydroxide ions, HO- (aq) from a base/alkali. However, these ions must be in aqueous form (in water) to facilitate their free movement besides ensuring intimate interactions when reacting. Respective equations for both Dilute Hydrochloric acid and Dilute Sulphuric Acid are, Ordinary equations (1) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) Â ® NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) +Na+ + OH(aq) Â ® Na+ + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l) (2) H2SO4 (aq) + NaOH(aq) Â ® NaSO4(aq) + H2O(l) 2H+(aq) + SO4- (aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Â ® Na-(aq) + SO4-(aq) + H2O(l) After eliminating spectator ions these equations reduce to, (1b) H+ (aq) + OH (aq) Â ® H2O (l) (2b) 2H+ (aq) + OH-(aq) Â ® H2O (l) Or (3) H3O+1 + OH- Â ® 2H2O (l) However, moles of H+ ions in each side of the equation should be equal for the reaction to proceed to the right or neutralization to occur (York, 175). Molarity concept Titration calculation in this experiment entails use of stoichiometric mole ratio of H+ and OH- ions (Parsons, Forsythe, Edge & Bewick). Moles’ ratio comparison in this experim

Drinking Water Management on both the Federal and Provincial Level Essay

Drinking Water Management on both the Federal and Provincial Level Affecting Ontario - Essay Example Is the federal government or other provinces ripe for another 'Walkerton-size' situation Eleven different government acts and legislative documents with respect to protection of Ontario's drinking water and water management along with the Federal Act concerning the Safe Water Act were consulted. The official report provided to both the Ontario Government and the Federal Government of Canada regarding the outcome of the incident in Walkerton, Ontario in 2001 was also consulted as a means to declare if the situation has improved and what measures have been put in place to avert this type of disaster from arising again. There were some main points that have come about from the readings, especially from unbiased material not produced by the government, that would make it seem plausible that this situation that did happen in Walkerton could have been averted in the first place with stricter agency intervention and that the people of Ontario and Canada may be blindsided by government ineptitude. There were many recommendations that did come out of the entire enquiry and many more improvements to the Canada Water Act were completed. The main views extracted from the official documents include: 1 How the incident at Walkerton ensured the right officials were held both criminally and monetarily responsible for one of the largest environmental cases in Ontario history and recommendations that were made along with accountability. 2. Current government Acts related to potable water and environmental factors relating to fresh water systems 3 Review of the current management practices with respect to water management policy Search Strategy Search was conducted strictly via Internet using exact search topics of "Agenda 21-Principle 18", "federal water policy", "Canada Water Act", "Federal Water Policy", "Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999", "Safe Drinking Water Act", "Ontario Water Resources Act" and "clean water act". Findings As expected, the government documents simply provided a copy of the official documentation related to each of the Government Acts, but, the importance of the literature from such sources as the Canadian EPA and the report from the inquiry into the Walkerton disaster, along with the media reporting of the trial, provided a much further insight whether the Province or Federal Government knew of the problem long before the disaster happened; or, has the Government made enough improvements into the water management schema to ensure public confidence in fresh water treatment. One of the major issues surrounding such provocative topics as water management within Ontario and the rest of the world is in how much the public trusted officials that do manage water treatment plants prior to this incident. The public was not as aware of potential risks and death